Table 1 Descriptive characteristics of the included studies
Study | Total (N) | NSSI (n) | Age (M, SD)a | % female | Nationality | Study population | Design | NSSI definition | NSSI measure | Resilience definition | Resilience measure | Distinct reported resilience dimensions/factors | Ethics statement |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Brennan et al. (2017) [9] | 83 | 34 | 19–70 | 40 | North-America | Transgender and gender-nonconforming adults | Cross-sectional study | Self-injury without suicidal intent | Proprietary item(s) | NR | GMSR (Gender Minority Stress and Resilience measure) | Consent provided Study procedures approved by Board | |
Bunting et al. (2023) [11] | 1299 | 111 | 14.20 (2.58) | 48.2 | Europe | Adolescents and young adults from the general population | Cross-sectional study | Body tissue without conscious suicidal intent | Proprietary item(s)c | Positive factors that have a direct and independent promotive effect on an outcome that is separate from the risk factor and acts in the opposite direction | BCE (Benevolent Childhood Experiences Scale) | Ethical approval by Ethics Committee | |
Calvete et al. (2017) [14] | 1257 | 613 | 15.18 (0.94) | 50.6 | Europe | Adolescent secondary school students | Cohort Study | Self-injury without suicidal intent | FASM (Functional Assessment of Self-Mutilation)d | NR | MAAS-A (Mindful Attention Awareness Scale-Adolescents) | Ethical approval by Ethics Committee | |
Cheng et al. (2024) [16] | 132 | 61 | 15.00 (1.00) | 61 | Asia | Adolescent inpatients from a hospital mental health department engaging in NSSI | Cohort Study | Body tissue without conscious suicidal intent | Proprietary item(s)e | A positive personality trait that enables individuals to effectively deal with adverse and stressful situations | CD-RISCg (Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale) | Consent provided Study procedures approved by Board | |
Covello (2013) [19] | 23 | 16 | 15.13 (1.18) | 43.5 | North-America | Adolescents in residential treatment | Cross-sectional study | Body tissue without conscious suicidal intent | Proprietary item(s) | Ability to weather adversity or to bounce back from a negative experience | RSCA (Resiliency Scales for Children and Adolescents)h | Sense of mastery Emotion regulation sense of relatedness | Consent provided |
Gao et al. (2024) [28] | 596 | 364 | 14.96 (1.84) | 64 | Asia | Adolescents diagnosed with and treated for depression | Cross-sectional study | Body tissue without conscious suicidal intent | C-FASM (Chinese version of the Functional Assessment of Self-Mutilation) | An individual’s ability to adapt positively to adversity | CD-RISC (Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale) | Ethical approval by Ethics Committee | |
Garisch and Wilson (2015) [29] | 1162 | 566 | 16.35 (0.62) | 48 | Oceania | Adolescent secondary school students | Cohort Study | Body tissue without conscious suicidal intent | DSHI-s (Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory – Short form) | A personal characteristic that enhances individual adaptation | RS (Resilience Scale for College Students) | Ethical approval by Ethics Committee | |
Gonçalves et al. (2023) [33] | 385 | 90 | 20.71 (2.80) | 85 | Europe | Portuguese college students (without NSSI, past NSSI, and current NSSI) | Cross-sectional study | Body tissue without conscious suicidal intent | SIQ‑TR‑SF (Self‑Injury Questionnaire ‑ Treatment Related – Short Form)d | The capacity of the individual to adapt successfully to adverse conditions that constitute risk for the well-being | RSd (Resilience Scale for College Students) | Self-Discipline Optimism Solving Problems Personal Competence Autonomy | Ethical approval by Ethics Committee |
Guérin-Marion et al. (2023) [36] | 922 | 166 | 18.89 (1.52) | 83.3 | North-America | University students with a history of life-time NSSI | Cross-sectional study | Body tissue without conscious suicidal intent | Osi (Ottawa self-injury inventory) | A person’s perception of its own ability to manage adversity and stress | BRS (Brief Resilience Scale) | Consent provided Ethical approval by Ethics Committee | |
He and Xiang (2022) [41] | 1951 | -b | 12.93 (2.54) | 49 | Asia | Primary and secondary students | Cross-sectional study | Body tissue without conscious suicidal intent | Nonsuicidal self-injury scale | The dynamic adaptation to adversity | CD-RISC g (Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale) | Consent provided Ethical approval by Ethics Committee. The data were partly derived from the ongoing project “Early Adverse Environment Influences Cognitive Affective Mechanism”; it unclear how ethics were handled within this ongoing project | |
Madden (2008) [59] | 285 | 67 | 19.10 | 58.6 | North-America | Undergraduate residence hall students | Cross-sectional study | Body tissue without conscious suicidal intent | DSHI (deliberate self-harm inventory) | The ability to function effectively while experiencing high levels of stress, or as the ability to quickly resume adaptive functioning following exposure to highly stressful situations | LOT-R (Life Orientation Test-Revised); TALCS (Trice Academic Locus of Control Scale); ASES (Academic Self-Efficacy Scale) | Optimism Self-efficacy Locus of control | Clearance was obtained from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) and the University’s IRB |
McDowell et al. (2019) [63] | 148 | 46 | 27.50 (5.70) | 23.3 | North-America | Trans-masculine adults | Cross-sectional study | Body tissue without conscious suicidal intent | Proprietary item(s)f | Recovering, coping, or adapting in the face of adversity | BRS (Brief Resilience Scale)i | Consent provided Study procedures approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) | |
Nagra et al. (2016) [69] | 323 | 165 | 22.86 (7.62) | 88.2 | Europe | Participants recruited from self-harm support forum | Cross-sectional study | Self-injury without suicidal intent | DSHBQ (Deliberate Self-harm Behaviors Questionnaire) | An individual’s positive self-appraisals | RAS (Resilience Appraisal Scale) | Problem-solving Emotion regulation Support Seeking | Consent provided Ethical approval by Ethics Committee |
Watson and Tatnell (2022) [108] | 330 | 211 | 22.00 (3.63) | 62 | Oceania | Young adults from the LGBTQIA + community | Cross-sectional study | Body tissue without conscious suicidal intent | ISAS (Inventory of Statements about Self-Injury) | Continued positive adaptation to one’s environment and circumstances even Through adversity | RSA (Resilience Scale for Adults) | Consent was implied by starting the survey Ethical approval by Ethics Committee | |
Wei et al. (2022) [109] | 643 | 237 | 15.91 (0.74) | 52.1 | Asia | Adolescent middle school students | Cross-sectional study | Body tissue without conscious suicidal intent | DSHI (deliberate self-harm inventory) | An individual’s ability to positively adapt to the Environment even through adversity | RSCA (Resiliency Scales for Children and Adolescents) | Consent provided Ethical approval by Ethics Committee | |
Weng et al. (2024) [110] | 391 | 238 | 13–18 | 76 | Asia | Adolescents recruited from a hospital psychology department with major depressive disorder | Cross-sectional study | Body tissue without conscious suicidal intent | Osic (ottawa self-injury inventory chinese revised edition) | The ability for individuals to adapt quickly to adversity and provide a flexible response to life stress | CD-RISC g (Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale) | Consent provided Ethical approval by Ethics Committee | |
Zhang et al. (2023) [120] | 2343 | 1782 | 14.99 (1.65) | 77.9 | Asia | Inpatient and outpatient adolescents suffering from depression | Cross-sectional study | Body tissue without conscious suicidal intent | FASM (Functional Assessment of Self-Mutilation) | A person’s mental ability and internal resource by means of a self-regulating dynamic process | CD-RISC- 10g (10-item Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale | Consent provided Ethical approval by Ethics Committee |