Table 5 Age, nationality, sex, physical and mental health diagnoses, and behavioral risk factors by latent class

Age

M

34.67

35.52

39.15

SD

8.829

10.785

9.910

Minimum

20

18

18

Maximum

40

66

72

Nationality status  (χ 2 (2)  = 35.15, p < .001)

Expatriate

Count

12

111

488

% within total

2.0%

18.2%

79.9%

% within latent class

26.1%

69.8%

68.1%

Standardized residual

−3.3

.5

.6

Emirati

Count

34

48

229

% within total

10.9%

15.4%

73.6%

% within latent class

73.9%

30.2%

31.9%

Standardized residual

4.7

-.8

-.8

Sex  (χ 2 (2)  = 29.78, p < .001)

Male

Count

11

44

343

% within total

2.8%

11.1%

86.2%

% within latent class

23.9%

27.8%

48.4%

Standardized residual

−2.0

−3.0

1.9

Female

Count

35

114

366

% within total

6.8%

22.1%

71.1%

% within latent class

76.1%

72.2%

51.6%

Standardized residual

1.8

2.6

−1.7

Diabetes Type 2  (χ 2 (2)  = 11.65, p = .003)

No

Count

30

122

602

% within total

4.0%

16.2%

79.8%

% within latent class

68.2%

79.2%

85.5%

Standardized residual

−1.1

-.6

.6

Yes

Count

14

32

102

% within total

9.5%

21.6%

68.9%

% within latent class

31.8%

20.8%

14.5%

Standardized residual

2.5

1.3

−1.3

High Blood pressure (χ²₍₂₎ = 3.64, p = .162)

No

Count

33

123

582

% within total

4.5%

16.7%

78.9%

% within latent class

73.3%

78.8%

82.9%

Standardized residual

-.6

-.4

.3

Yes

Count

12

33

120

% within total

7.3%

20.0%

72.7%

% within latent class

26.7%

21.2%

17.1%

Standardized residual

1.3

.8

-.7

Coronary heart disease (χ²₍₂₎ = 18.75, p < .001)

No

Count

41

140

687

% within total

4.7%

16.1%

79.1%

% within latent class

91.1%

91.5%

97.9%

Standardized residual

-.4

-.6

.4

Yes

Count

4

13

15

% within total

12.5%

40.6%

46.9%

% within latent class

8.9%

8.5%

2.1%

Standardized residual

1.9

3.2

−2.0

Chronic respiratory problems (χ²₍₂₎ = 34.75, p < .001)

No

Count

36

135

676

% within total

4.3%

15.9%

79.8%

% within latent class

80.0%

87.1%

96.3%

Standardized residual

−1.0

-.9

.7

Yes

Count

9

20

26

% within total

16.4%

36.4%

47.3%

% within latent class

20.0%

12.9%

3.7%

Standardized residual

3.8

3.4

−2.6

Liver disease  (χ 2 (2)  = 26.33, p < .001)

No

Count

44

140

694

% within total

5.0%

15.9%

79.0%

% within latent class

97.8%

91.5%

98.7%

Standardized residual

.0

-.7

.3

Yes

Count

1

13

9

% within total

4.3%

56.5%

39.1%

% within latent class

2.2%

8.5%

1.3%

Standardized residual

-.1

4.6

−2.1

Any sexually transmitted disease  (χ 2 (2)  = 37.15, p < .001)

No

Count

41

141

700

% within total

4.6%

16.0%

79.4%

% within latent class

91.1%

92.2%

99.3%

Standardized residual

-.4

-.7

.4

Yes

Count

4

12

5

% within total

19.0%

57.1%

23.8%

% within latent class

8.9%

7.8%

0.7%

Standardized residual

2.9

4.5

−2.8

Obesity (χ²₍₂₎ = 23.39, p < .001)

No

Count

25

111

579

% within total

3.5%

15.5%

81.0%

% within latent class

55.6%

72.5%

82.2%

Standardized residual

−1.8

-.9

.9

Yes

Count

20

42

125

% within total

10.7%

22.5%

66.8%

% within latent class

44.4%

27.5%

17.8%

Standardized residual

3.5

1.8

−1.7

Cancer (χ²₍₂₎ = 24.35, p < .001)

No

Count

38

139

682

% within total

4.4%

16.2%

79.4%

% within latent class

88.4%

88.5%

97.0%

Standardized residual

-.5

-.8

.5

Yes

Count

5

18

21

% within total

11.4%

40.9%

47.7%

% within latent class

11.6%

11.5%

3.0%

Standardized residual

2.0

3.7

−2.3

Depression  (χ 2 (2)  = 151.99, p < .001)

No

Count

21

107

665

% within total

2.6%

13.5%

83.9%

% within latent class

46.7%

70.4%

94.9%

Standardized residual

−3.0

−2.4

1.8

Yes

Count

24

45

36

% within total

22.9%

42.9%

34.3%

% within latent class

53.3%

29.6%

5.1%

Standardized residual

8.2

6.5

−5.1

Anxiety  (χ 2 (2)  = 143.77, p < .001)

No

Count

17

97

641

% within total

2.3%

12.8%

84.9%

% within latent class

37.8%

63.8%

91.2%

Standardized residual

−3.4

−2.7

2.1

Yes

Count

28

55

62

% within total

19.3%

37.9%

42.8%

% within latent class

62.2%

36.2%

8.8%

Standardized residual

7.7

6.2

−4.8

Diagnosed with any other types of mental illnesses/disease (χ²₍₂₎ = 71.57, p < .001)

No

Count

35

136

699

% within total

4.0%

15.6%

80.3%

% within latent class

83.3%

88.3%

99.3%

Standardized residual

-.9

−1.1

.7

Yes

Count

7

18

5

% within total

23.3%

60.0%

16.7%

% within latent class

16.7%

11.7%

0.7%

Standardized residual

4.7

5.7

−3.8

Fibromyalgia/chronic pain or fatigue (χ²₍₂₎ = 25.29, p < .001)

No

Count

40

124

685

% within total

4.7%

14.6%

80.7%

% within latent class

90.9%

89.2%

97.7%

Standardized residual

-.3

-.8

.5

Yes

Count

4

15

16

% within total

11.4%

42.9%

45.7%

% within latent class

9.1%

10.8%

2.3%

Standardized residual

1.7

4.0

−2.2

Ever smoked (cigarettes, shisha, cigars, or other types of tobacco)?  (χ 2 (2)  = 12.22, p < .005)

No

Count

24

74

440

% within total

4.5%

13.8%

81.8%

% within latent class

52.2%

47.7%

62.3%

Standardized residual

-.6

−1.9

1.0

Yes

Count

22

81

266

% within total

6.0%

22.0%

72.1%

% within latent class

47.8%

52.3%

37.7%

Standardized residual

.8

2.3

−1.3

Ever consumed alcohol or other intoxicants on a regular basis  (χ 2 (2)  = 61.89, p < .001)

No

Count

35

111

661

% within total

4.3%

13.8%

81.9%

% within latent class

79.5%

72.1%

93.2%

Standardized residual

-.7

−2.2

1.2

Yes

Count

9

43

48

% within total

9.0%

43.0%

48.0%

% within latent class

20.5%

27.9%

6.8%

Standardized residual

1.9

6.3

−3.4

Ever used illicit/illegal drugs (hashish, pills, stimulants, narcotics, or any other types of drug?) (χ²₍₂₎ = 54.24, p < .001)

No

Count

37

131

702

% within total

4.3%

15.1%

80.7%

% within latent class

88.1%

87.3%

98.7%

Standardized residual

-.5

−1.1

.6

Yes

Count

5

19

9

% within total

15.2%

57.6%

27.3%

% within latent class

11.9%

12.7%

1.3%

Standardized residual

2.8

5.8

−3.3

Ever used any prescription drugs beyond the recommended dosage (e.g., painkillers?)  (χ 2 (2)  = 1.11, p = .573)

No

Count

31

120

550

% within total

4.4%

17.1%

78.5%

% within latent class

70.5%

76.9%

77.4%

Standardized residual

-.5

.0

.1

Yes

Count

13

36

161

% within total

6.2%

17.1%

76.7%

% within latent class

29.5%

23.1%

22.6%

Standardized residual

.9

.0

-.2

Do you exercise on a regular basis (at least 3 times per week)? (χ²₍₂₎ = 5.98, p = .050)

No

Count

31

94

381

% within total

6.1%

18.6%

75.3%

% within latent class

67.4%

61.8%

53.7%

Standardized residual

1.1

1.0

-.7

Yes

Count

15

58

328

% within total

3.7%

14.5%

81.8%

% within latent class

32.6%

38.2%

46.3%

Standardized residual

−1.2

−1.1

.8

Ever engaged in risky sexual behavior? (χ²₍₂₎ = 85.87, p < .001)

No

Count

29

118

680

% within total

3.5%

14.3%

82.2%

% within latent class

65.9%

80.3%

96.2%

Standardized residual

−1.8

−1.5

1.1

Yes

Count

15

29

27

% within total

21.1%

40.8%

38.0%

% within latent class

34.1%

19.7%

3.8%

Standardized residual

6.2

5.1

−3.9